LIMIT DESIGN FOR THE SHEAR AND TORSION.

Limit design for shear in the reinforced concrete section exceed the permissible value for a concrete mix ,in the case the shear reinforcement must be provided to resist the additional shear .The design of shear reinforcement, based on the working stress method ,the uniform depth shall be obtained in such cases by way of the nominal shear stress and the equation shall be accordingly modified by calculating the BM at the section and angle between the top and bottom edges of the beam .In case of the torsional resistance or stiffness of members not taken into account in the analysis of structure ,no specific calculations for torsion will be necessary, adequate control of the any torsional cracking being provided by the required nominal shear reinforcement and where the torsional resistance or stiffness of the members is taken into account in the analysis,the members shall be designed for the torsion .Torsional reinforcement is not calculated separately from that required for the bending and the shear .Instead th tatal longitudinal reinforcement is determined for a fictitious bending moment which is a function of the actual bending moment and torsion . Similarly,web reinforcement is determined for the case of fictitious shear which is a function  of actual shear and the torsion .The design applies to beams of solid rectangular cross -sections , however in the case of flanged beams,they are generally considered conservative,and if the equivalent nominal shear stress does not exceed the minimum shear reinforcement shall be provided .