SLOPED AND STEPPED FOOTINGS,SHALL BE CONSTRUCTED TO ASSURE ACTION AS A UNIT DESIGN.

FOOTINGS :-- Footings shall be designed to sustain the applied loads, moments and the forces and the induced reactions and to ensure that any settlement which may occur shall be as nearly uniform as possible,and the safe bearing capacity of soil is not exceeded ( See IS -1904 -1978) .In sloped or stepped footings the effective cross section in compression shall be limited by the area above the nuetral plane , and the angle of slope of depth and location of steps shall be such that the design requirements are satisfied at every section .Sloped and stepped Footings that are designed as a unit shall be constructed to ensure action as a unit. Thickness at the edge of the footings ,in reinforced and plain concrete footings ,the thickness at the edge shall not be less than 15 cms for footings on soils ,nor less than 30 cms above the tops of piles for footings on piles . MOMENTS AND FORCES:--In the case of footings on piles , computation for moments and shears may be based on the assumption that the reaction from any pile is concentrated at the centre of the pile .In the case and for the purpose of computing stresses in footings which support a round or octagonal concrete column or pedestal the face of the column or pedestal shall be taken as the side of a square inscribed with in the perimeter of the round or octagonal column or pedestal . BENDING MOMENT :-- The BM at any section shall be determined by passing through the section a vertical plane which extends completely across the footings, and computing the moment of the forces acting over the entire area of the footing on one side of the said plane .The greatest BM to be used in the design of an isolated Concrete footing which support a column,pedestal or wall ,shall be the moment computed located as follows (1) At the face of the column, pedestal or wall ,for footings supporting a concrete column,pedestal or wall.(2) Half way between the centre line and the edge of the wall ,for footings under masonry walls ,and (3) Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the gussetted base ,for footings under gussetted bases .